Ubiquinone is a naturally occurring part of the electron transport chain (ETC) in the mitochondria (power­ houses) of cells. It is also found within lipid membranes including the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes. Being a mobile part of the inner mitochondrial matrix where ATP is formed, its biological significance has been well studied. In addition […]

Although most recent research has focused on the effects of individual amino acids such as leucine and glutamine on protein synthesis, other work has shown that mixtures of amino acids can also stimulate protein synthesis. Dogs were subjected to treadmill running (150 minutes at 10 km/hr and 12% incline) and intravenously infused with a solution […]

Alpha-Ketoglutarate (a-KG) is an intermediate of the Krebs cycle and is the precursor for the synthesis of glutamine, glutamate, proline, and arginine. Few data exist on the use of a-KG as an ergogenic aid. Like glutamine, however, there are some clinical data that suggest a possible anti-catabolic role. Wernerman et al. state that the “addition […]